Introduction to CNC and CNC Part Programming

WHAT IS CNC?

CNC (Computer Numerical Control) is the general term used for a system which controls the functions of a machine tool using coded instructions processed by a computer.

CNC machine the program is stored in the memory of the computer. The programmer can easily write the codes, and edit the programs as per the requirements. These programs can be used for different parts, and they don’t have to be repeated again and again.

Compared to the NC machine, the CNC machine offers greater additional flexibility and computational capability. New systems can be incorporated into the CNC controller simply by reprogramming the unit. Because of its capacity and the flexibility the CNC machines are called as “soft-wired” NC.

4 Axis CNC Machines.

How Component is Manufactured with help of CNC Machines.

1) A part program is written, using G and M codes.

This describes the sequence of operations that the machine must perform in order to manufacture the

component.

This program can be produced off-line, ie, away from the machine, either manually or with the aid of a CAD/CAM system.

2) The part program is loaded into the machines computer, called the controller. At this stage, the

program can still be edited or simulated using the machine controller keypad/input device.

3) The machine controller processes the part program and sends signals to the machine components

directing the machine through the required sequence of operations necessary to manufacture the

component.

The application of CNC to a manual machine allows its operation to become fully automated. Combining this with the use of a part program enhances the ability of the machine to perform repeat

tasks with high degrees of accuracy.

ADVANTAGES

1. CNC machines can be used continuously 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and only need to be switched off for occasional maintenance. 

2. CNC machines are programmed with a design which can then be manufactured hundreds or even thousands of times. Each manufactured product will be exactly the same.

3. Less skilled/trained people can operate CNCs unlike manual lathes / milling machines etc.. which need skilled engineers.

4. CNC machines can be updated by improving the software used to drive the machines

5. Training in the use of CNCs is available through the use of ‘virtual software’. This is software that allows the operator to practice using the CNC machine on the screen of a computer. The software is similar to a computer game.

6. CNC machines can be programmed by advanced design software such as Pro/DESKTOP®, enabling the manufacture of products that cannot be made by manual machines, even those used by skilled designers / engineers.

7. Modern design software allows the designer to simulate the manufacture of his/her idea. There is no need to make a prototype or a model. This saves time and money.

8. One person can supervise many CNC machines as once they are programmed they can usually be left to work by themselves. Sometimes only the cutting tools need replacing occasionally.

9. A skilled engineer can make the same component many times. However, if each component is carefully studied, each one will vary slightly. A CNC machine will manufacture each component as an exact match.

Disadvantages Of CNC Machines

1. CNC machines are more expensive than manually operated machines, although costs are slowly coming down.

2. Less workers are required to operate CNC machines compared to manually operated machines. Investment in CNC machines can lead to unemployment.

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